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中华人民共和国加入议定书(英文本)

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中华人民共和国加入议定书(英文本)

世界贸易组织法律文件


PROTOCOL ON THE ACCESSION OF
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA


Preamble

The World Trade Organization ("WTO"), pursuant to the approval of the Ministerial Conference of the WTO accorded under Article XII of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization ("WTO Agreement"), and the People's Republic of China ("China"),

Recalling that China was an original contracting party to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947,

Taking note that China is a signatory to the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations,

Taking note of the Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China in document WT/ACC/CHN/49 ("Working Party Report"),

Having regard to the results of the negotiations concerning China's membership in the WTO,

Agree as follows:

Part I - General Provisions

1. General

1. Upon accession, China accedes to the WTO Agreement pursuant to Article XII of that Agreement and thereby becomes a Member of the WTO.

2. The WTO Agreement to which China accedes shall be the WTO Agreement as rectified, amended or otherwise modified by such legal instruments as may have entered into force before the date of accession. This Protocol, which shall include the commitments referred to in paragraph 342 of the Working Party Report, shall be an integral part of the WTO Agreement.

3. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, those obligations in the Multilateral Trade Agreements annexed to the WTO Agreement that are to be implemented over a period of time starting with entry into force of that Agreement shall be implemented by China as if it had accepted that Agreement on the date of its entry into force.

4. China may maintain a measure inconsistent with paragraph 1of Article II of the General Agreement on Trade in Services ("GATS") provided that such a measure is recorded in the List of Article II Exemptions annexed to this Protocol and meets the conditions of the Annex to the GATS on Article II Exemptions.

2. Administration of the Trade Regime

(A) Uniform Administration

1. The provisions of the WTO Agreement and this Protocol shall apply to the entire customs territory of China, including border trade regions and minority autonomous areas, Special Economic Zones, open coastal cities, economic and technical development zones and other areas where special regimes for tariffs, taxes and regulations are established (collectively referred to as "special economic areas").

2. China shall apply and administer in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner all its laws, regulations and other measures of the central government as well as local regulations, rules and other measures issued or applied at the sub-national level (collectively referred to as "laws, regulations and other measures") pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights ("TRIPS") or the control of foreign exchange.

3. China's local regulations, rules and other measures of local governments at the sub-national level shall conform to the obligations undertaken in the WTO Agreement and this Protocol.

4. China shall establish a mechanism under which individuals and enterprises can bring to the attention of the national authorities cases of non-uniform application of the trade regime.

(B) Special Economic Areas

1. China shall notify to the WTO all the relevant laws, regulations and other measures relating to its special economic areas, listing these areas by name and indicating the geographic boundaries that define them. China shall notify the WTO promptly, but in any case within 60 days, of any additions or modifications to its special economic areas, including notification of the laws, regulations and other measures relating thereto.

2. China shall apply to imported products, including physically incorporated components, introduced into the other parts of China's customs territory from the special economic areas, all taxes, charges and measures affecting imports, including import restrictions and customs and tariff charges, that are normally applied to imports into the other parts of China's customs territory.

3. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, in providing preferential arrangements for enterprises within such special economic areas, WTO provisions on non-discrimination and national treatment shall be fully observed.

(C) Transparency

1. China undertakes that only those laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange that are published and readily available to other WTO Members, individuals and enterprises, shall be enforced. In addition, China shall make available to WTO Members, upon request, all laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange before such measures are implemented or enforced. In emergency situations, laws, regulations and other measures shall be made available at the latest when they are implemented or enforced.

2. China shall establish or designate an official journal dedicated to the publication of all laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange and, after publication of its laws, regulations or other measures in such journal, shall provide a reasonable period for comment to the appropriate authorities before such measures are implemented, except for those laws, regulations and other measures involving national security, specific measures setting foreign exchange rates or monetary policy and other measures the publication of which would impede law enforcement. China shall publish this journal on a regular basis and make copies of all issues of this journal readily available to individuals and enterprises.

3. China shall establish or designate an enquiry point where, upon request of any individual, enterprise or WTO Member all information relating to the measures required to be published under paragraph 2(C)1 of this Protocol may be obtained. Replies to requests for information shall generally be provided within 30 days after receipt of a request. In exceptional cases, replies may be provided within 45 days after receipt of a request. Notice of the delay and the reasons therefor shall be provided in writing to the interested party. Replies to WTO Members shall be complete and shall represent the authoritative view of the Chinese government. Accurate and reliable information shall be provided to individuals and enterprises.

(D) Judicial Review

1. China shall establish, or designate, and maintain tribunals, contact points and procedures for the prompt review of all administrative actions relating to the implementation of laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application referred to in Article X:1 of the GATT 1994, Article VI of the GATS and the relevant provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. Such tribunals shall be impartial and independent of the agency entrusted with administrative enforcement and shall not have any substantial interest in the outcome of the matter.

2. Review procedures shall include the opportunity for appeal, without penalty, by individuals or enterprises affected by any administrative action subject to review. If the initial right of appeal is to an administrative body, there shall in all cases be the opportunity to choose to appeal the decision to a judicial body. Notice of the decision on appeal shall be given to the appellant and the reasons for such decision shall be provided in writing. The appellant shall also be informed of any right to further appeal.

3. Non-discrimination

Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, foreign individuals and enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to other individuals and enterprises in respect of:

(a) the procurement of inputs and goods and services necessary for production and the conditions under which their goods are produced, marketed or sold, in the domestic market and for export; and

(b) the prices and availability of goods and services supplied by national and sub-national authorities and public or state enterprises, in areas including transportation, energy, basic telecommunications, other utilities and factors of production.

4. Special Trade Arrangements

Upon accession, China shall eliminate or bring into conformity with the WTO Agreement all special trade arrangements, including barter trade arrangements, with third countries and separate customs territories, which are not in conformity with the WTO Agreement.

5. Right to Trade

1. Without prejudice to China's right to regulate trade in a manner consistent with the WTO Agreement, China shall progressively liberalize the availability and scope of the right to trade, so that, within three years after accession, all enterprises in China shall have the right to trade in all goods throughout the customs territory of China, except for those goods listed in Annex 2A which continue to be subject to state trading in accordance with this Protocol. Such right to trade shall be the right to import and export goods. All such goods shall be accorded national treatment under Article III of the GATT 1994, especially paragraph 4 thereof, in respect of their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use, including their direct access to end-users. For those goods listed in Annex 2B, China shall phase out limitation on the grant of trading rights pursuant to the schedule in that Annex. China shall complete all necessary legislative procedures to implement these provisions during the transition period.

2. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, all foreign individuals and enterprises, including those not invested or registered in China, shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to enterprises in China with respect to the right to trade.

6. State Trading

1. China shall ensure that import purchasing procedures of state trading enterprises are fully transparent, and in compliance with the WTO Agreement, and shall refrain from taking any measure to influence or direct state trading enterprises as to the quantity, value, or country of origin of goods purchased or sold, except in accordance with the WTO Agreement.

2. As part of China's notification under the GATT 1994 and the Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XVII of the GATT 1994, China shall also provide full information on the pricing mechanisms of its state trading enterprises for exported goods.

7. Non-Tariff Measures

1. China shall implement the schedule for phased elimination of the measures contained in Annex 3. During the periods specified in Annex 3, the protection afforded by the measures listed in that Annex shall not be increased or expanded in size, scope or duration, nor shall any new measures be applied, unless in conformity with the provisions of the WTO Agreement.

2. In implementing the provisions of Articles III and XI of the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Agriculture, China shall eliminate and shall not introduce, re-introduce or apply non-tariff measures that cannot be justified under the provisions of the WTO Agreement. For all non-tariff measures, whether or not referred to in Annex 3, that are applied after the date of accession, consistent with the WTO Agreement or this Protocol, China shall allocate and otherwise administer such measures in strict conformity with the provisions of the WTO Agreement, including GATT 1994 and Article XIII thereof, and the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, including notification requirements.

3. China shall, upon accession, comply with the TRIMs Agreement, without recourse to the provisions of Article 5 of the TRIMs Agreement. China shall eliminate and cease to enforce trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, local content and export or performance requirements made effective through laws, regulations or other measures. Moreover, China will not enforce provisions of contracts imposing such requirements. Without prejudice to the relevant provisions of this Protocol, China shall ensure that the distribution of import licences, quotas, tariff-rate quotas, or any other means of approval for importation, the right of importation or investment by national and sub-national authorities, is not conditioned on: whether competing domestic suppliers of such products exist; or performance requirements of any kind, such as local content, offsets, the transfer of technology, export performance or the conduct of research and development in China.

4. Import and export prohibitions and restrictions, and licensing requirements affecting imports and exports shall only be imposed and enforced by the national authorities or by sub-national authorities with authorization from the national authorities. Such measures which are not imposed by the national authorities or by sub-national authorities with authorization from the national authorities, shall not be implemented or enforced.

8. Import and Export Licensing

1. In implementing the WTO Agreement and provisions of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, China shall undertake the following measures to facilitate compliance with these agreements:

(a) China shall publish on a regular basis the following in the official journal referred to in paragraph 2(C)2 of this Protocol:

- by product, the list of all organizations, including those organizations delegated such authority by the national authorities, that are responsible for authorizing or approving imports or exports, whether through grant of licence or other approval;

- procedures and criteria for obtaining such import or export licences or other approvals, and the conditions for deciding whether they should be granted;

- a list of all products, by tariff number, that are subject to tendering requirements, including information on products subject to such tendering requirements and any changes, pursuant to the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures;

- a list of all goods and technologies whose import or export are restricted or prohibited; these goods shall also be notified to the Committee on Import Licensing;

- any changes to the list of goods and technologies whose import and export are restricted or prohibited.

Copies of these submissions in one or more official languages of the WTO shall be forwarded to the WTO for circulation to WTO Members and for submission to the Committee on Import Licensing within 75 days of each publication.

(b) China shall notify the WTO of all licensing and quota requirements remaining in effect after accession, listed separately by HS tariff line and with the quantities associated with the restriction, if any, and the justification for maintaining the restriction or its scheduled date of termination.

(c) China shall submit the notification of its import licensing procedures to the Committee on Import Licensing. China shall report annually to the Committee on Import Licensing on its automatic import licensing procedures, explaining the circumstances which give rise to these requirements and justifying the need for their continuation. This report shall also provide the information listed in Article 3 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures.

(d) China shall issue import licences for a minimum duration of validity of six months, except where exceptional circumstances make this impossible. In such cases, China shall promptly notify the Committee on Import Licensing of the exceptional circumstances requiring the shorter period of licence validity.

2. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, foreign individuals and enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to other individuals and enterprises in respect of the distribution of import and export licences and quotas.

9. Price Controls

1. China shall, subject to paragraph 2 below, allow prices for traded goods and services in every sector to be determined by market forces, and multi-tier pricing practices for such goods and services shall be eliminated.

2. The goods and services listed in Annex 4 may be subject to price controls, consistent with the WTO Agreement, in particular Article III of the GATT 1994 and Annex 2, paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Agreement on Agriculture. Except in exceptional circumstances, and subject to notification to the WTO, price controls shall not be extended to goods or services beyond those listed in Annex 4, and China shall make best efforts to reduce and eliminate these controls.

3. China shall publish in the official journal the list of goods and services subject to state pricing and changes thereto.

10. Subsidies

1. China shall notify the WTO of any subsidy within the meaning of Article 1 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ("SCM Agreement"), granted or maintained in its territory, organized by specific product, including those subsidies defined in Article 3 of the SCM Agreement. The information provided should be as specific as possible, following the requirements of the questionnaire on subsidies as noted in Article 25 of the SCM Agreement.

2. For purposes of applying Articles 1.2 and 2 of the SCM Agreement, subsidies provided to state-owned enterprises will be viewed as specific if, inter alia, state-owned enterprises are the predominant recipients of such subsidies or state-owned enterprises receive disproportionately large amounts of such subsidies.

3. China shall eliminate all subsidy programmes falling within the scope of Article 3 of the SCM Agreement upon accession.

11. Taxes and Charges Levied on Imports and Exports

1. China shall ensure that customs fees or charges applied or administered by national or sub-national authorities, shall be in conformity with the GATT 1994.

2. China shall ensure that internal taxes and charges, including value-added taxes, applied or administered by national or sub-national authorities shall be in conformity with the GATT 1994.

3. China shall eliminate all taxes and charges applied to exports unless specifically provided for in Annex 6 of this Protocol or applied in conformity with the provisions of Article VIII of the GATT 1994.

4. Foreign individuals and enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises shall, upon accession, be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to other individuals and enterprises in respect of the provision of border tax adjustments.

12. Agriculture

1. China shall implement the provisions contained in China's Schedule of Concessions and Commitments on Goods and, as specifically provided in this Protocol, those of the Agreement on Agriculture. In this context, China shall not maintain or introduce any export subsidies on agricultural products.

2. China shall, under the Transitional Review Mechanism, notify fiscal and other transfers between or among state-owned enterprises in the agricultural sector (whether national or sub-national) and other enterprises that operate as state trading enterprises in the agricultural sector.

13. Technical Barriers to Trade

1. China shall publish in the official journal all criteria, whether formal or informal, that are the basis for a technical regulation, standard or conformity assessment procedure.

2. China shall, upon accession, bring into conformity with the TBT Agreement all technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures.

3. China shall apply conformity assessment procedures to imported products only to determine compliance with technical regulations and standards that are consistent with the provisions of this Protocol and the WTO Agreement. Conformity assessment bodies will determine the conformity of imported products with commercial terms of contracts only if authorized by the parties to such contract. China shall ensure that such inspection of products for compliance with the commercial terms of contracts does not affect customs clearance or the granting of import licences for such products.

4. (a) Upon accession, China shall ensure that the same technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures are applied to both imported and domestic products. In order to ensure a smooth transition from the current system, China shall ensure that, upon accession, all certification, safety licensing, and quality licensing bodies and agencies are authorized to undertake these activities for both imported and domestic products, and that, one year after accession, all conformity assessment bodies and agencies are authorized to undertake conformity assessment for both imported and domestic products. The choice of body or agency shall be at the discretion of the applicant. For imported and domestic products, all bodies and agencies shall issue the same mark and charge the same fee. They shall also provide the same processing periods and complaint procedures. Imported products shall not be subject to more than one conformity assessment. China shall publish and make readily available to other WTO Members, individuals, and enterprises full information on the respective responsibilities of its conformity assessment bodies and agencies.

(b) No later than 18 months after accession, China shall assign the respective responsibilities of its conformity assessment bodies solely on the basis of the scope of work and type of product without any consideration of the origin of a product. The respective responsibilities that will be assigned to China's conformity assessment bodies will be notified to the TBT Committee 12 months after accession.

14. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

China shall notify to the WTO all laws, regulations and other measures relating to its sanitary and phytosanitary measures, including product coverage and relevant international standards, guidelines and recommendations, within 30 days after accession.

15. Price Comparability in Determining Subsidies and Dumping

Article VI of the GATT 1994, the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ("Anti-Dumping Agreement") and the SCM Agreement shall apply in proceedings involving imports of Chinese origin into a WTO Member consistent with the following:

(a) In determining price comparability under Article VI of the GATT 1994 and the Anti-Dumping Agreement, the importing WTO Member shall use either Chinese prices or costs for the industry under investigation or a methodology that is not based on a strict comparison with domestic prices or costs in China based on the following rules:

(i) If the producers under investigation can clearly show that market economy conditions prevail in the industry producing the like product with regard to the manufacture, production and sale of that product, the importing WTO Member shall use Chinese prices or costs for the industry under investigation in determining price comparability;

(ii) The importing WTO Member may use a methodology that is not based on a strict comparison with domestic prices or costs in China if the producers under investigation cannot clearly show that market economy conditions prevail in the industry producing the like product with regard to manufacture, production and sale of that product.

(b) In proceedings under Parts II, III and V of the SCM Agreement, when addressing subsidies described in Articles 14(a), 14(b), 14(c) and 14(d), relevant provisions of the SCM Agreement shall apply; however, if there are special difficulties in that application, the importing WTO Member may then use methodologies for identifying and measuring the subsidy benefit which take into account the possibility that prevailing terms and conditions in China may not always be available as appropriate benchmarks. In applying such methodologies, where practicable, the importing WTO Member should adjust such prevailing terms and conditions before considering the use of terms and conditions prevailing outside China.

(c) The importing WTO Member shall notify methodologies used in accordance with subparagraph (a) to the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices and shall notify methodologies used in accordance with subparagraph (b) to the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.

(d) Once China has established, under the national law of the importing WTO Member, that it is a market economy, the provisions of subparagraph (a) shall be terminated provided that the importing Member's national law contains market economy criteria as of the date of accession. In any event, the provisions of subparagraph (a)(ii) shall expire 15 years after the date of accession. In addition, should China establish, pursuant to the national law of the importing WTO Member, that market economy conditions prevail in a particular industry or sector, the non-market economy provisions of subparagraph (a) shall no longer apply to that industry or sector.

16. Transitional Product-Specific Safeguard Mechanism

1. In cases where products of Chinese origin are being imported into the territory of any WTO Member in such increased quantities or under such conditions as to cause or threaten to cause market disruption to the domestic producers of like or directly competitive products, the WTO Member so affected may request consultations with China with a view to seeking a mutually satisfactory solution, including whether the affected WTO Member should pursue application of a measure under the Agreement on Safeguards. Any such request shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.

2. If, in the course of these bilateral consultations, it is agreed that imports of Chinese origin are such a cause and that action is necessary, China shall take such action as to prevent or remedy the market disruption. Any such action shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.

3. If consultations do not lead to an agreement between China and the WTO Member concerned within 60 days of the receipt of a request for consultations, the WTO Member affected shall be free, in respect of such products, to withdraw concessions or otherwise to limit imports only to the extent necessary to prevent or remedy such market disruption. Any such action shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.

4. Market disruption shall exist whenever imports of an article, like or directly competitive with an article produced by the domestic industry, are increasing rapidly, either absolutely or relatively, so as to be a significant cause of material injury, or threat of material injury to the domestic industry. In determining if market disruption exists, the affected WTO Member shall consider objective factors, including the volume of imports, the effect of imports on prices for like or directly competitive articles, and the effect of such imports on the domestic industry producing like or directly competitive products.

5. Prior to application of a measure pursuant to paragraph 3, the WTO Member taking such action shall provide reasonable public notice to all interested parties and provide adequate opportunity for importers, exporters and other interested parties to submit their views and evidence on the appropriateness of the proposed measure and whether it would be in the public interest. The WTO Member shall provide written notice of the decision to apply a measure, including the reasons for such measure and its scope and duration.

6. A WTO Member shall apply a measure pursuant to this Section only for such period of time as may be necessary to prevent or remedy the market disruption. If a measure is taken as a result of a relative increase in the level of imports, China has the right to suspend the application of substantially equivalent concessions or obligations under the GATT 1994 to the trade of the WTO Member applying the measure, if such measure remains in effect more than two years. However, if a measure is taken as a result of an absolute increase in imports, China has a right to suspend the application of substantially equivalent concessions or obligations under the GATT 1994 to the trade of the WTO Member applying the measure, if such measure remains in effect more than three years. Any such action by China shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.

7. In critical circumstances, where delay would cause damage which it would be difficult to repair, the WTO Member so affected may take a provisional safeguard measure pursuant to a preliminary determination that imports have caused or threatened to cause market disruption. In this case, notification of the measures taken to the Committee on Safeguards and a request for bilateral consultations shall be effected immediately thereafter. The duration of the provisional measure shall not exceed 200 days during which the pertinent requirements of paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 shall be met. The duration of any provisional measure shall be counted toward the period provided for under paragraph 6.

8. If a WTO Member considers that an action taken under paragraphs 2, 3 or 7 causes or threatens to cause significant diversions of trade into its market, it may request consultations with China and/or the WTO Member concerned. Such consultations shall be held within 30 days after the request is notified to the Committee on Safeguards. If such consultations fail to lead to an agreement between China and the WTO Member or Members concerned within 60 days after the notification, the requesting WTO Member shall be free, in respect of such product, to withdraw concessions accorded to or otherwise limit imports from China, to the extent necessary to prevent or remedy such diversions. Such action shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.

9. Application of this Section shall be terminated 12 years after the date of accession.

17. Reservations by WTO Members

All prohibitions, quantitative restrictions and other measures maintained by WTO Members against imports from China in a manner inconsistent with the WTO Agreement are listed in Annex 7. All such prohibitions, quantitative restrictions and other measures shall be phased out or dealt with in accordance with mutually agreed terms and timetables as specified in the said Annex.

18. Transitional Review Mechanism

1. Those subsidiary bodies1 of the WTO which have a mandate covering China's commitments under the WTO Agreement or this Protocol shall, within one year after accession and in accordance with paragraph 4 below, review, as appropriate to their mandate, the implementation by China of the WTO Agreement and of the related provisions of this Protocol. China shall provide relevant information, including information specified in Annex 1A, to each subsidiary body in advance of the review. China can also raise issues relating to any reservations under Section 17 or to any other specific commitments made by other Members in this Protocol, in those subsidiary bodies which have a relevant mandate. Each subsidiary body shall report the results of such review promptly to the relevant Council established by paragraph 5 of Article IV of the WTO Agreement, if applicable, which shall in turn report promptly to the General Council.

2. The General Council shall, within one year after accession, and in accordance with paragraph 4 below, review the implementation by China of the WTO Agreement and the provisions of this Protocol. The General Council shall conduct such review in accordance with the framework set out in Annex 1B and in the light of the results of any reviews held pursuant to paragraph 1. China also can raise issues relating to any reservations under Section 17 or to any other specific commitments made by other Members in this Protocol. The General Council may make recommendations to China and to other Members in these respects.

3. Consideration of issues pursuant to this Section shall be without prejudice to the rights and obligations of any Member, including China, under the WTO Agreement or any Plurilateral Trade Agreement, and shall not preclude or be a precondition to recourse to consultation or other provisions of the WTO Agreement or this Protocol.

4. The review provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 will take place after accession in each year for eight years. Thereafter there will be a final review in year 10 or at an earlier date decided by the General Council.

Part II - Schedules

1. The Schedules annexed to this Protocol shall become the Schedule of Concessions and Commitments annexed to the GATT 1994 and the Schedule of Specific Commitments annexed to the GATS relating to China. The staging of concessions and commitments listed in the Schedules shall be implemented as specified in the relevant parts of the relevant Schedules.

2. For the purpose of the reference in paragraph 6(a) of Article II of the GATT 1994 to the date of that Agreement, the applicable date in respect of the Schedules of Concessions and Commitments annexed to this Protocol shall be the date of accession.

Part III - Final Provisions

1. This Protocol shall be open for acceptance, by signature or otherwise, by China until 1 January 2002.

2. This Protocol shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the day of its acceptance.

3. This Protocol shall be deposited with the Director-General of the WTO. The Director-General shall promptly furnish a certified copy of this Protocol and a notification of acceptance by China thereof, pursuant to paragraph 1 of Part III of this Protocol, to each WTO Member and to China.

4. This Protocol shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Done at Doha this tenth day of November two thousand and one, in a single copy, in the English, French and Spanish languages, each text being authentic, except that a Schedule annexed hereto may specify that it is authentic in only one or more of these languages.

1 Council for Trade in Goods, Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Council for Trade in Services, Committees on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions, Market Access (covering also ITA), Agriculture, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Technical Barriers to Trade, Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Anti-Dumping Measures, Customs Valuation, Rules of Origin, Import Licensing, Trade-Related Investment Measures, Safeguards, Trade in Financial Services.

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防城港市人民政府办公室关于印发防城港市地下管线管理暂行办法的通知

广西壮族自治区防城港市人民政府办公室


防城港市人民政府办公室关于印发防城港市地下管线管理暂行办法的通知



各县(市、区)人民政府,市人民政府组成部门、各直属机构:
《防城港市地下管线管理暂行办法》已经市人民政府同意,现印发给你们,请认真贯彻执行。


二〇一一年四月十二日





防城港市地下管线管理暂行办法



第一章 总则

第一条 为加强城市地下管线建设管理,整合和利用城市地下管线信息资源,确保城市地下管线建设的有序进行和城市地下管线的安全运行,根据《中华人民共和国城乡规划法》、《中华人民共和国建筑法》、国务院《城市道路管理条例》、《建设工程质量管理条例》、建设部《城市地下空间开发利用管理规定》、《城市地下管线工程档案管理办法》等有关法律法规,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

第二条 本办法适用于本城市规划区内地下管线的规划、建设、维护和信息档案等管理活动(海域的地下管线除外)。

第三条 本办法所称地下管线,是指建设于城市地下的给水、排水、燃气、热力、电力、通信、有线电视及其他用途的管线及其附属设施。

第四条 城市地下管线建设管理,实行科学规划、统筹建设、协调管理、资源共享、信息共享、保障安全的原则。

第五条 市地下管线行政主管部门依法建立城市地下管线安全管理机制,加强监督和管理。城市地下管线产权单位应当对其所有的城市地下管线安全负责,建立城市地下管线安全应急预案,保证城市地下管线的安全运行。

市市政行政主管部门负责地下管线的综合协调和监督管理工作。

市建设规划行政主管部门负责地下管线工程规划许可、施工许可、备案、档案的监督管理工作。

水务、交通、公安、国土、公路、人防、地下管线产权单位、管理单位等经济管理和城市管理行政执法部门按照各自职责做好地下管线的管理工作。

市城市建设档案管理机构负责本市地下管线工程档案的收集、保管以及地下管线信息系统的建设、管理工作。

第六条 任何单位和个人不得损毁、侵占、破坏地下管线设施,并有权对上述行为进行制止和举报。

第七条 政府鼓励和支持地下管线科学技术研究和创新,推广先进技术,提高管线管理的科学技术水平。提倡管线建设单位和施工单位采用新技术、新材料和新工艺。

第二章 规划管理

第八条 市建设规划行政主管部门应当根据城市总体规划要求,编制城市地下管线综合规划,对各类地下管线及其附属设施作出综合安排。规划需与城市经济社会发展水平相适应,并具备一定的前瞻性。

第九条 新建、改建、扩建的道路应统一规划,统筹设计安排地下管线敷设的位置。

第十条 新建、改建、扩建地下管线工程,需控制在规划的对应管线位置范围内,不得占用其他管线位置。

第十一条 各类地下管线的走向、位置、埋深需综合规划,并按照下列原则实施:

(一)地下管线的走向宜平行于规划道路中心线,并与地下隐蔽性工程相协调,避免交叉和互相干扰;

(二)同类管线原则上合并建设,架空线路应当逐步进入地下进行建设;

(三)新建管线避让已建成的管线,临时管线避让永久管线,非主要管线避让主要管线,小管道避让大管道,压力管道避让重力管道,可弯曲的管道避让不宜弯曲的管道;

(四)地下管线埋设的深度和各类管线的水平间距、垂直间距以及与建筑物、构筑物、树木等间距,按照国家有关技术标准执行。

第十二条 新建、改建、扩建地下管线工程,按规定向市建设规划行政主管部门办理建设工程规划许可证。与道路同步建设的地下管线工程,可以与道路工程一并办理建设工程规划许可证。

第十三条 建设单位申请办理地下管线建设工程规划许可证时,需到市城市建设档案管理机构查明该地段的地下管线现状资料,并向市建设规划行政主管部门提交地下管线现状资料。无资料或者资料不符现状的,建设单位应及时告知市建设规划行政主管部门。市建设规划行政主管部门查明未建档管线的性质、权属的,明令地下管线产权、管理单位补建档案资料。

第十四条 地下管线工程开工前,管线建设单位应委托具备资质的测绘单位进行放线;放线后,经市建设规划行政主管部门检测无误,方可由建设单位组建施工队进行施工。

第十五条 城市地下管线覆土前,管线建设单位应委托具有相应测绘资质的单位进行竣工测量。经建设规划行政主管部门复检无误,方可覆土。

第十六条 城市地下管线工程竣工后,管线建设单位向市建设规划行政主管部门申请规划验收,并组织管线工程设计、施工、监理和管理等相关单位竣工验收。经验收合格后,方可交付使用。

第十七条 城市地下管线工程竣工后,管线建设单位按照有关规定向市城市建设档案管理机构移交城市地下管线工程竣工档案(含竣工测量成果,竣工测量成果应当包括1:500带状城市地形图、管线图和成果表)。城市地下管线工程勘察、设计、施工、监理单位应当配合建设单位收集、整理城市地下管线工程竣工档案。市建设规划行政主管部门在办理工程竣工验收备案手续时,应当查验工程档案认可文件。

第十八条 城市地下管线工程施工过程中发现未建档的地下管线,管线建设单位应告知市建设规划行政主管部门、市市政行政主管部门和未建档管线的产权单位。未建档管线的产权单位应当按规定测定未建档管线的坐标、标高、走向和尺寸等信息,并向市城市建设档案管理机构报送。未在规定期限内完成测量工作或拒不履行测量义务的,市城市建设档案管理机构可以委托具有相应测绘资质的单位代为测量,测量费用及由此造成的损失由管线产权单位承担。

第三章 建设管理

第十九条 市市政行政主管部门负责地下管线建设计划的编制和协调工作。

第二十条 依附于道路的各种地下管线建设应当与道路年度建设计划相协调,与道路同步建设。年度道路建设计划应当提前公布。道路建设计划有调整的,应当及时公告,地下管线建设单位或者产权、管理单位应当对本单位的地下管线建设计划进行相应调整。

不依附于道路的地下管线应当分别纳入相关项目建设计划,配套建设。

第二十一条 地下管线产权、管理单位拟开挖道路新建、迁移或者变更、废弃管线的,应当在每年的3月和9月,向市市政行政主管部门提出本单位下一个半年管线建设计划申请。市市政行政主管部门在受理申请截止之日起二十个工作日内汇总编制地下管线建设计划,并告知申请单位。如果由于管线被损坏或由于隐患马上需进行迁移的,可在告知市市政行政主管部门后,办理批准手续的同时着手进行迁移。

管线产权、管理单位应当按市市政行政主管部门确定的地下管线建设计划进行建设。

第二十二条 建设城市地下管线时需要占用或者开挖道路的,管线建设单位应当依照有关规定到市市政行政主管部门和公安交通管理部门办理审批手续。

新建、改建、扩建的城市道路交付使用后五年内,大修的城市道路竣工后三年内不得开挖敷设城市地下管线。地下管线建设和施工单位可采取顶管或其他方式解决;因特殊情况确需开挖道路敷设城市地下管线的,应当按有关规定报市人民政府批准。

建设城市地下管线需要占用绿地、河道等的,管线建设单位应当向有关行政主管部门办理相应手续。

第二十三条 城市道路与城市地下管线同步建设的,管线建设应服从城市道路建设进度需要。道路建设单位统筹管理道路工程和管线工程,合理安排城市地下管线建设工期,并履行以下职责:

(一)向道路设计单位提供真实、准确、完整的地下管线现状资料;

(二)事先通知管线产权单位做好施工过程中现场管线的监护工作;

(三)督促和检查管线建设单位在管线覆土前完成测量工作;

(四)负责本单位实施的城市地下管线工程竣工档案资料的收集和归档工作。

确无条件同步建设的,经市人民政府同意,可以缓建地下管线工程,但应当按照规划要求预留地下管线管位。

第二十四条 地下管线建设单位应当向设计、施工单位提供真实、准确、完整的地下管线现状资料,督促和检查测绘单位在管线覆土前完成测量工作,并做好地下管线工程的资料收集和归档工作。

地下管线工程的勘察、设计、施工和监理单位,应当具有相应的资质等级。

地下管线工程勘察、设计单位应当按照国家与地方的技术规范要求进行地下管线的勘察、设计,并参与地下管线工程验收工作。

地下管线工程施工单位应当严格按照经审查通过的施工图、批准的时间以及有关技术规范和操作规程进行施工,设置管线标志,并提供合格的管线竣工图。

地下管线工程监理单位应当对地下管线隐蔽工程进行监理,并做好管位的监理记录。

第二十五条 地下管线工程施工前需按规定向有关主管部门办理施工许可证。与道路同步建设的地下管线工程,可以与道路工程一并办理施工许可证。

第二十六条 地下管线建设单位在开工前,需到市城市建设档案管理机构办理建档手续并签订地下管线档案移交责任书。

第二十七条 新建、改建、扩建和整治道路需迁移、改建地下管线的,道路建设单位应及时通知有关管线产权、管理单位,管线产权、管理单位要无条件服从。如原已下地的管线已办理完善手续并按规划要求进行建设的,道路建设单位可按当地的迁移成本对其进行合理的补偿,并告知迁移或者改建的设计要求,由管线产权、管理单位负责迁移或者改建,并与道路工程同步施工建设;否则一律不予补偿,迁移或改建的费用由管线产权、管理单位自行负责。

新建、改建、扩建道路施工过程中,因场地条件或者地下空间占用等原因需变动地下管线平面位置、标高和规格的,应当按原审批程序办理变更手续后方可组织施工。

第二十八条 地下管线工程需临时使用土地或者拆迁房屋的,管线建设单位应按照法律、法规的有关规定办理审批手续。涉及绿化、消防、军用设施、测量标志、河道、桥梁、文物等方面的,管线建设单位需征求相关管理部门的意见或者按照有关规定办理审批手续。

第二十九条 地下管线工程施工或其他工程施工涉及原有地下管线或者设施埋设位置不明时,应及时与相关管线单位联系,采用可靠方法进行探测,掌握实际情况,待有关各方签订安全施工协议后方可施工。可能对其他管线或者市政、绿化、建筑物及构筑物等设施造成影响的,应当采取相应的保护措施并及时通知有关单位派员到场监督。如有损坏,施工单位应当立即停止施工,通知有关单位进行抢修,并做好记录。发生费用由相关责任单位承担。

第三十条 地下管线工程施工或者其他需要涉及地下管线的工程施工时,施工单位应当在施工现场设置施工标牌,并在施工场地周围设置施工提示牌、警示标志牌、反光锥筒、警戒带等安全防护设施。施工标牌上应当标明建设单位、施工单位、施工期限和联系电话等内容。

第三十一条 由地下管线建设单位组织管线工程勘察、设计、施工、监理等相关单位,在市市政行政主管部门和市城市建设规划行政主管部门的参与下,进行管线工程竣工验收。管线建设单位需将管线建设工程竣工验收的情况报告市市政行政主管部门和市建设规划行政主管部门。

第三十二条 政府鼓励采用综合管廊等建设方式建设地下管线,提高地下空间利用效率。

政府鼓励地下管线产权、管理单位采用各类先进技术对地下管线进行标识、定位、探测和管理。

第四章 维护管理

第三十三条 市市政行政主管部门负责监督管线产权、管理单位对地下管线的维护管理,并定期组织对地下管线维护管理专项检查,地下管线产权、管理单位及养护作业单位应当给予配合。

地下管线应当纳入市政公共设施实施统一综合管理,提高地下管线维护质量和运行安全水平。

第三十四条 市市政行政主管部门负责组织编制地下管线安全应急处置综合预案。

各地下管线行业主管部门和管线产权、管理单位,应当建立相应的安全应急处置预案,并报市市政行政主管部门备案。

第三十五条 管线产权、管理单位对所属地下管线及其设施的安全运行负责,加强日常巡查与维护,保持管线及其附属设施完好、安全。地下管线及其附属设施破损、老化、缺失的,应当及时修复;地下管线维护维修过程中涉及到公共利益影响区域性的停水、停电、停气和通讯中断的,应当提前在各类媒体上公告。

第三十六条 地下管线发生故障需要挖掘道路进行紧急抢修的,管线产权、管理单位可先行施工,做好记录,同时向市市政行政主管部门和公安交通管理部门报告,并在二十四小时内补办批准手续。如遇节假日,补办手续可顺延至下一个工作日。

第三十七条 因地下管线工程挖掘道路的,管线建设单位需依法向市市政行政主管部门缴纳挖掘修复费和押金,由管线建设单位负责对道路进行修复。道路修复质量不得低于该段道路原有的技术标准,待道路修复并经验收合格后,根据实际挖掘情况退还押金。

第三十八条 管线产权、管理单位不得擅自迁移、变更或者废弃地下管线。确需迁移、变更或者废弃的,必须经市建设规划行政主管部门批准。废弃的管线应当拆除,不能拆除的管线应当将管道及其检查井封填。

第三十九条 在地下管线用地范围内,禁止下列行为:

(一)压占地下管线进行建设;

(二)损坏、占用、挪移地下管线及其附属设施;

(三)擅自移动、覆盖、涂改、拆除、损坏管线设施的安全警示标志;

(四)倾倒污水、排放腐蚀性液体、气体;

(五)堆放易燃、易爆、有腐蚀性的物质;

(六)擅自接驳地下管线;

(七)其他危及地下管线安全的行为。

第五章 档案信息管理

第四十条 市市政、建设规划等部门应当将地下管线信息资源纳入数字化城市管理。

第四十一条 市城市建设档案管理机构应当会同相关部门组织建立地下管线信息管理系统。

建立地下管线信息管理系统使用市测绘主管部门批准的地理信息系统标准。地下管线信息管理系统的基础地理信息数据由市测绘主管部门负责提供并及时更新。

第四十二条 地下管线产权、管理单位应当根据地下管线信息标准和要求,建立和维护各自的子信息系统,并纳入地下管线信息管理系统。

第四十三条 地下管线工程实行工程档案预验收制度,在地下管线档案预验收合格后方可进行工程竣工验收。

第四十四条 管线建设单位应在新建、改建、扩建的地下管线工程竣工验收合格后三个月内,按照有关规定向市城市建设档案管理机构移交有关档案资料及其电子文件。

地下管线工程勘察、设计、施工、监理单位需配合建设单位收集、整理地下管线工程竣工档案。

第四十五条 管线产权、管理单位应当向市城市建设档案管理机构移交原有地下管线已形成的专业管线现状图、竣工图、竣工测量成果及其电子文件。对已建成而未有档案资料记录的地下管线,管线产权、管理单位应当负责查明管线现状。

测量成果及其电子文件应当自本办法实施之日起一年内移交市城市建设档案管理机构。

第四十六条 地下管线迁移、变更或者废弃的,管线产权、管理单位应当将迁移、变更、废弃部分的地下管线工程档案修改、补充到本单位的地下管线专业图上,并自管线迁移、变更、废弃之日起三十日内,将修改后的专业图及有关档案向市城市建设档案管理机构移交。

第四十七条 地下管线建设单位及产权、管理单位向市城市建设档案管理机构报送的地下管线工程档案应当真实、准确、完整,不得涂改、伪造。

由于地下管线比较复杂、并时时更新,在提交资料时,城市建设档案管理机构和管线单位双方应共同到管线现场核实,双方签字为据。

第四十八条 市建设规划行政主管部门应当根据城市建设和发展需要,每两年一次组织相关部门制定本市地下管线普查实施方案,编制管线普查工作的技术规程、规范和标准,并组织市政、管线产权、管理单位等有关单位对已有的地下管线开展普查和补测补绘工作,各单位应当给予配合。

地下管线普查成果应当在验收合格之日起三个月内纳入城市地下管线信息管理系统。

第四十九条 市建设规划行政主管部门和其他相关部门应当为公民、法人和其他组织查阅、利用城市地下管线信息提供便利。

城市地下管线相关信息数据属于基础测绘成果的或者属于国家投资完成的其他测绘成果,应当无偿提供。

地下管线建设单位和产权、管理单位查阅本单位移交的地下管线工程档案,市城市建设档案管理机构不得收取查询费用。

公民、法人及其他组织查阅、利用信息系统,地下管线建设单位查阅、利用信息系统中非本专业管线信息的,应当遵守国家有关保密规定,并办理相关手续。

第六章 法律责任

第五十条 违反本办法第十五条,管线建设单位未经测绘测量将地下管线工程覆土的,由市建设规划行政主管部门或者其他有关部门责令限期改正,并处以1000元以上5000元以下的罚款。

第五十一条 未按照建设工程规划许可证的规定进行地下管线工程建设的,由市建设规划行政主管部门责令停止建设;尚可采取改正措施消除对规划实施影响的,限期改正,处建设工程造价百分之五以上百分之十以下的罚款;无法采取改正措施消除影响的,限期拆除;不能拆除的,没收违法建设的地下管线设施,并处建设工程造价百分之十以下的罚款。

第五十二条 违反本办法第二十二条规定,未经批准挖掘城市道路,由市市政行政主管部门责令限期改正,可以处2万元以下的罚款,造成经济损失的,应当依法承担赔偿责任;需市公安交通管理部门同意但未经其审批同意,擅自占用、挖掘道路而影响交通安全,造成发生交通事故或交通堵塞的,由市公安交通管理部门根据《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》及其实施细则予以处罚。

第五十三条 有下列行为之一的,由市建设规划行政主管部门责令限期改正,并可处以3万元以下的罚款:

(一)设计单位为没有取得或不按照规划审批手续的地下管线建设工程提供施工图设计文件的;

(二)施工单位为未取得或违反规划许可手续的地下管线建设工程进行施工的;

第五十四条 违反本办法第三十条,未按规定在道路施工现场周围设置施工提示牌、警示标志牌、反光锥筒、警戒带、护栏等安全防护设施的,由市市政行政主管部门会同公安交通管理部门责令限期整改,逾期不改的可处于2万元以下的罚款,造成交通事故发生的,应当予以赔偿并承担法律责任。

第五十五条 违反本办法第三十五条,管线产权、管理未及时对设在城市道路上破损、老化、缺失的管线及其附属设施进行维护维修,未能保持管线及其附属设施完好、安全的,市市政行政主管部门责令限期修复和整改,并可处于2万元以下的罚款;造成损失的,应当承担赔偿责任。

第五十六条 违反本办法第三十六条,地下管线产权、管理单位挖掘城市道路紧急抢修地下管线,不按照规定补办批准手续的,由市市政行政主管部门或其他有关部门责令其在规定的时间内补办手续,逾期不办的可以处2万元以下罚款;造成损失的,应当承担赔偿责任。

第五十七条 违反本办法第三十九条规定,危及地下管线安全的,由市市政行政主管部门责令限期改正,除分别按各类管线管理法律法规规定予以处罚外;影响公共利益造成区域性停水、停电、停气和通讯中断的,要向媒体公开承诺修复时间并限期修复,造成经济损失的,责任方应当承担赔偿责任;

第五十八条 管线建设单位竣工验收后六个月内,地下管线建设、管理单位未向市城市建设档案管理机构移交有关档案资料及其电子文件的,依照建设部《城市地下管线工程档案管理办法》,由市建设规划行政主管部门责令限期移交,依法可处以1万元以下的罚款。逾期不移交的,由市城市建设档案管理机构委托具备资质的单位进行查明测量,所需费用由地下管线建设单位承担。

第五十九条 因地下管线工程建设单位未移交地下管线工程档案或移交工程档案资料不及时、不齐全、不准确而造成施工单位在施工中损坏地下管线的,地下管线工程建设单位依法承担相应的法律责任;建设单位和施工单位未按照规定查询和取得施工地段的地下管线资料以及未采取有效保护措施而擅自组织施工,损坏地下管线给他人造成损失的,按以上第五十七条处理。

第六十条 建设规划、测绘、市政等行政主管部门工作人员,在城市地下管线建设管理中玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的,由有关部门依法给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第七章 附 则

第六十一条 本办法所称道路,是指本市城市规划区域内的城市道路,包括桥梁、隧道和其他附属设施。

第六十二条 公路、公路用地和公路建筑控制区内地下管线建设管理,可参照本办法执行。

军事专用地下管线建设管理,按照有关法律、法规执行。

第六十三条 本办法自发布之日起施行。






1.“礼法合一”的特点。唐朝承袭和发展以往礼法并用的统治方法,使得法律统治“一准乎礼”,真正实现了礼与法的统一。如同唐太宗所说:“失礼之禁,著在刑书。”把封建伦理道德的精神力量与政权法律统治力量紧密糅合在一起,法的强制力加强了礼的束缚作用,礼的约束力增强了法的威慑力量,从而构筑了严密的统治法网,有力维护了唐朝统治。
2.科条简要与宽简适中的特点。唐朝立法以科条简要,宽简适中为特点。以往秦汉法律,向以繁杂著称。西汉武帝以后,因一事立一法,导致律令杂乱。西晋修律对汉律令做了大幅度的缩减,《北齐律》定为12篇949条,较前又有所进步。唐朝沿袭隋制,实行精简、宽平的原则,定律12篇502条,并为后世所继承。仅以太宗修《贞观律》为例,“凡削烦去蠢,变重为轻者,不可胜纪”。足见唐律的上述特点。
3.立法技术完善的特点。在立法技术上表现出高超的水平。如自首,化外人有犯、类推原则的确定都有充分表现。为防止官吏滥用比附,用精确的语言规定在法无明文规定的条件下,官吏故意与过失出入人罪的处理办法,并在承袭前代成果的基础上,进一步明确公、私罪,故意、过失的概念,并规定了恰当的量刑标准。如《斗讼律》解释“过失杀”说:“谓耳目所不及,思虑所不到,共举重物,力所不制;若乘高履危足跌及因击禽兽,以致杀伤之属,皆是。”唐律结构严谨,为举世所公认。
4.唐律是中国传统法典的楷模与中华法系形成的标志。唐律是我国封建法典的楷模,在中国法制史上具有继往开来、承前启后的重要地位。唐朝承袭秦汉立法成果,吸收汉晋律学成就,使唐律表现出高度的成熟性。唐律因具有封建法律的典型性,故对宋元明清产生了深刻影响。
作为中华法系的代表作,唐律超越国界,对亚洲诸国产生了重大影响。朝鲜《高丽律》篇章内容都取法于唐律。日本文武天皇制定《大宝律令》,也以唐律为蓝本。越南李太尊时期颁布的《刑书》,大都参用唐律。可见唐律不仅在本国而且在世界法制史上也占有重要地位。

  作者:刘莹霜


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